The Darod (Somali language: Darood, or Daarood) is a Somali clan. The Arabic name of the Darod clan is Banu Dawud (بني داوود). In the Somali language, the word Daarood means "an enclosed compound," compounding the two words daar (compound) and ood (place enclosed by wall, trees, woods, fence, etc). The Darod population lives throughout northeastern, the Jubba River valley, and southwestern Somalia, northern Kenya, and Ethiopia's Somali Region (particularly the Ogaden area).
History
Some Darod clan members claim to be descendants of Muhammad ibn Aqil, the son of Aqeel ibn Abi Talib. Aqeel ibn Abu Talib was second of four sons of Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, who was the uncle and protector of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad who was head of the Banu Hashim. They have a strong tribal relationship with the other Hashemites. According to tradition, Muhammad ibn Aqil's descendant Abdirahman Isma'il Jabarti, a sheikh of the Qadiriyyah Order, arrived in northeastern Somalia in either the 10th or 11th centuries AD, where he took the daughter of a local Somali chief as his wife.[1] The Darod were supporters of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi during his 16th century conquest of Ethiopia, especially the Harti and Marehan sub-clans, who fought at the Battle of Shimbra Kure.[2]
Demographics
Some sources, including the Canadian Report of the Somalia Commission of Inquiry, indicate that the Darod is the largest Somali clan.[3][4] The CIA and Human Rights Watch, however, indicate that Hawiye is the largest Somali clan.[5][6] The CIA indicates that the Darod make up 40% of the Somalis in Ethiopia and Kenya.
Saturday, May 8, 2010
Armed rebellion in Kismayo
The history of Somalia without its association with Islam and Arab influences is like European history without Greece and Rome. Somalia has transcendent historical and cultural ties with Arabia, and Persia, in large part due to geography and the spread of Islam. Although these ties are somewhat shaped differently in modern times, the most fundamental tie is the entrenched culture of clans.
With the influences of Arab and Persian merchants and subsequently European colonizers, Somalia was divided into regions ruled by clans with the most inhabitants. Land was distributed by way of clan settlement. Wherever the majority of clans inhabited became their property or settlement throughout time. This was pretty much intact up and until the Somali civil war in 1991.
The violent eruption of clan warfare in Mogadishu forced many Somali clans to flee back to the security of their "traditional homelands." This intensified the idea of grabbing and occupying territories inhabited by competing clans, or more directly, unarmed clans. In the 1990s, this example was evident in the USC militia occupation of Baidoa. More recently, a newer militia group borne during the civil war, the Jubba Valley Alliance (JVA), conquered and occupied the southern port of Kismayo for seven years.
This leads us to the modern-day power struggle between two prominent sub-clans of the Darod clan-family, the Marehan and the Majerteen, who have been vying for control of Kismayo for over a decade now. What remains to be closely examined is the relationship these two warring sub-clans have with the port city of Kismayo.
Early history
Early historical documentation on settlements along the Somali coast indicates that Arab and Persian merchants came to the area around 694 AD. Many towns, including Mogadishu and Kismayo, sprang to life around this time and were bustling in trade and culture. The original communities to inhabit these regions were the Hamari people, who settled in the area more than 1,000 years ago, according to authentic sources.
Nomadic people from the interior did not push towards the Indian Ocean coast until around the 16th century. Groups of nomadic families settled in the area around the port of Kismayo, with increased addition of large nomadic communities to the region arriving during the time of the Ajuran Sultanate, according to various texts. The integration of the coastal and nomadic communities over a period of time was relatively peaceful and amicable, united by their Islamic faith and fueled by aspirations of economic development and opportunity.
Today's quagmire
Today's troubles in Kismayo are related to the arrival of these nomadic clansmen, who traveled from distant semi-arid lands in search of grazing land and economic advantages. Without a doubt, the breakdown of central government in 1991 was catalyst for the emergence of armed clans who traditionally inhabit semi-desert terrain to forcefully conquer and occupy other clans' territories, for economic and strategic gains.
Thus, violent competition for scarce resources has been a process of never ending struggle in southern Somalia. And historically, the majority of Somalis are nomadic pastoralists where communities are always on the move seeking better grazing land. Kismayo, as such, has transformed over time into a multi-clan settlement. But instead of strength in diversity, the multitude of armed clans of the region fought among each other for dominance over the area's fertile land, port, and other resources.
In recent times, Kismayo and the Lower Jubba region was ruled by the JVA militia - a military-political alliance between Marehan (Darod) and Habar Gedir (Hawiye) sub-clans. These two sub-clans share a common region in central Somalia, Galgadud, where their militia pact was inked in the late 1990s to oppose the rule of Gen. Mohamed Hersi "Morgan," a Majerteen (Darod) warlord, in Kismayo. Gen. Morgan had proposed a "Jubbaland" regional administration, which was seriously opposed by the Marehan who felt excluded.
Both sub-clans are migrants to the Jubba valley region. However, the most notable recent migration began around 1998, peaking in 2004 with thousands fleeing drought in southwestern regions, such as Gedo. The Marehan-led JVA profited from the city's revenues during their seven-year rule, stimulating clan animosities that led to much unwanted violence between the Marehan clan and other clans of the region.
Violent antics aside, what historical legitimacy do either the Majerteen or the Marehan have in Kismayo, or the Jubba valley for that matter? Let's not forget that both communities are migrants to the region who arrived in different periods of time and under different circumstances. And although both clans support the Somali transitional federal government (TFG), the competition for resources continued amongst the government's military leaders until one clan militarily expelled another. This is to say that Kismayo today is like Kismayo under JVA yesterday, or under warlord Morgan's militia in the mid-1990s.
What needs to be noted is that these warring clan-military leaders fought on the same side as TFG troops against the Islamic Courts forces in January. And when the Ethiopian army withdrew to Mogadishu, the TFG commanders were left in charge to manage Kismayo. But soon enough these commanders reverted to their old tricks of clan domination, and before the TFG could react, Majerteen clan soldiers were routed out by their old Marehan rivals.
Settlement
The legitimacy of the TFG is in question as long as it is dependent on Ethiopian support. Both the Marehan and Majerteen warlords competing for Kismayo fully know that the TFG is struggling to control Mogadishu, and has other priorities including the reconciliation conference, disarmament and building government institutions. The timing has made it a perfect opportunity for any armed clan to rise in Kismayo and be recognized as the dominant clan, and the Marehan clan rose to the occasion.
The TFG cannot afford to keep the strategic port city of Kismayo in the hands of opposition groups (the Marehan clan militias chased the TFG-appointed administration from Kismayo in April). The Kismayo uprising could serve as an example to other rebellions against TFG rule in other regions, and gives strength to ongoing rebellions in places like Mogadishu. We have already seen one example in Lower Shabelle region where the TFG was forced to replace the governor.
Only TFG intervention will change the current circumstances, since both competing clans claim their allegiance to the government. First things first, the TFG-appointed Lower Jubba administration and supporting troops must be allowed to return and govern from Kismayo without any preconditions.
Secondly, to avoid similar catastrophe, the TFG must reshuffle its troops and redeploy TFG soldiers who are involved in the Kismayo fighting to other regions. Fresh TFG troops characterized by clan diversity would win public support and prevent violent clan competition from flourishing in the Jubba regions like in the recent past. This also ensures that there is no one or two clans dominating the region's military and resources. Third, the TFG must restructure the region's administration and distribution of resources, and give fair share to various unarmed clans who originally inhabited the Jubba valley. This step will ultimately build public confidence and ensure that Kismayo remains one of the most culturally diverse cities in Somalia
And last but not least, the TFG must correct its past mistake. How did they loose control of Kismayo so easily after bitter battles with the Islamic Courts? More importantly, why did they allow the Ethiopian army to leave before the TFG military was trained and integrated? Imagine, Kismayo is the third largest city in the country, and only second in importance to Mogadishu in the south. One would think that TFG leaders would recognize the value this port city has for the country, and that failure here would ultimately reflect failure elsewhere.
With the influences of Arab and Persian merchants and subsequently European colonizers, Somalia was divided into regions ruled by clans with the most inhabitants. Land was distributed by way of clan settlement. Wherever the majority of clans inhabited became their property or settlement throughout time. This was pretty much intact up and until the Somali civil war in 1991.
The violent eruption of clan warfare in Mogadishu forced many Somali clans to flee back to the security of their "traditional homelands." This intensified the idea of grabbing and occupying territories inhabited by competing clans, or more directly, unarmed clans. In the 1990s, this example was evident in the USC militia occupation of Baidoa. More recently, a newer militia group borne during the civil war, the Jubba Valley Alliance (JVA), conquered and occupied the southern port of Kismayo for seven years.
This leads us to the modern-day power struggle between two prominent sub-clans of the Darod clan-family, the Marehan and the Majerteen, who have been vying for control of Kismayo for over a decade now. What remains to be closely examined is the relationship these two warring sub-clans have with the port city of Kismayo.
Early history
Early historical documentation on settlements along the Somali coast indicates that Arab and Persian merchants came to the area around 694 AD. Many towns, including Mogadishu and Kismayo, sprang to life around this time and were bustling in trade and culture. The original communities to inhabit these regions were the Hamari people, who settled in the area more than 1,000 years ago, according to authentic sources.
Nomadic people from the interior did not push towards the Indian Ocean coast until around the 16th century. Groups of nomadic families settled in the area around the port of Kismayo, with increased addition of large nomadic communities to the region arriving during the time of the Ajuran Sultanate, according to various texts. The integration of the coastal and nomadic communities over a period of time was relatively peaceful and amicable, united by their Islamic faith and fueled by aspirations of economic development and opportunity.
Today's quagmire
Today's troubles in Kismayo are related to the arrival of these nomadic clansmen, who traveled from distant semi-arid lands in search of grazing land and economic advantages. Without a doubt, the breakdown of central government in 1991 was catalyst for the emergence of armed clans who traditionally inhabit semi-desert terrain to forcefully conquer and occupy other clans' territories, for economic and strategic gains.
Thus, violent competition for scarce resources has been a process of never ending struggle in southern Somalia. And historically, the majority of Somalis are nomadic pastoralists where communities are always on the move seeking better grazing land. Kismayo, as such, has transformed over time into a multi-clan settlement. But instead of strength in diversity, the multitude of armed clans of the region fought among each other for dominance over the area's fertile land, port, and other resources.
In recent times, Kismayo and the Lower Jubba region was ruled by the JVA militia - a military-political alliance between Marehan (Darod) and Habar Gedir (Hawiye) sub-clans. These two sub-clans share a common region in central Somalia, Galgadud, where their militia pact was inked in the late 1990s to oppose the rule of Gen. Mohamed Hersi "Morgan," a Majerteen (Darod) warlord, in Kismayo. Gen. Morgan had proposed a "Jubbaland" regional administration, which was seriously opposed by the Marehan who felt excluded.
Both sub-clans are migrants to the Jubba valley region. However, the most notable recent migration began around 1998, peaking in 2004 with thousands fleeing drought in southwestern regions, such as Gedo. The Marehan-led JVA profited from the city's revenues during their seven-year rule, stimulating clan animosities that led to much unwanted violence between the Marehan clan and other clans of the region.
Violent antics aside, what historical legitimacy do either the Majerteen or the Marehan have in Kismayo, or the Jubba valley for that matter? Let's not forget that both communities are migrants to the region who arrived in different periods of time and under different circumstances. And although both clans support the Somali transitional federal government (TFG), the competition for resources continued amongst the government's military leaders until one clan militarily expelled another. This is to say that Kismayo today is like Kismayo under JVA yesterday, or under warlord Morgan's militia in the mid-1990s.
What needs to be noted is that these warring clan-military leaders fought on the same side as TFG troops against the Islamic Courts forces in January. And when the Ethiopian army withdrew to Mogadishu, the TFG commanders were left in charge to manage Kismayo. But soon enough these commanders reverted to their old tricks of clan domination, and before the TFG could react, Majerteen clan soldiers were routed out by their old Marehan rivals.
Settlement
The legitimacy of the TFG is in question as long as it is dependent on Ethiopian support. Both the Marehan and Majerteen warlords competing for Kismayo fully know that the TFG is struggling to control Mogadishu, and has other priorities including the reconciliation conference, disarmament and building government institutions. The timing has made it a perfect opportunity for any armed clan to rise in Kismayo and be recognized as the dominant clan, and the Marehan clan rose to the occasion.
The TFG cannot afford to keep the strategic port city of Kismayo in the hands of opposition groups (the Marehan clan militias chased the TFG-appointed administration from Kismayo in April). The Kismayo uprising could serve as an example to other rebellions against TFG rule in other regions, and gives strength to ongoing rebellions in places like Mogadishu. We have already seen one example in Lower Shabelle region where the TFG was forced to replace the governor.
Only TFG intervention will change the current circumstances, since both competing clans claim their allegiance to the government. First things first, the TFG-appointed Lower Jubba administration and supporting troops must be allowed to return and govern from Kismayo without any preconditions.
Secondly, to avoid similar catastrophe, the TFG must reshuffle its troops and redeploy TFG soldiers who are involved in the Kismayo fighting to other regions. Fresh TFG troops characterized by clan diversity would win public support and prevent violent clan competition from flourishing in the Jubba regions like in the recent past. This also ensures that there is no one or two clans dominating the region's military and resources. Third, the TFG must restructure the region's administration and distribution of resources, and give fair share to various unarmed clans who originally inhabited the Jubba valley. This step will ultimately build public confidence and ensure that Kismayo remains one of the most culturally diverse cities in Somalia
And last but not least, the TFG must correct its past mistake. How did they loose control of Kismayo so easily after bitter battles with the Islamic Courts? More importantly, why did they allow the Ethiopian army to leave before the TFG military was trained and integrated? Imagine, Kismayo is the third largest city in the country, and only second in importance to Mogadishu in the south. One would think that TFG leaders would recognize the value this port city has for the country, and that failure here would ultimately reflect failure elsewhere.
L. Bricchetti Robecchi’s journey through Himan (Ximan) in 1890
Who was Luigi Bricchetti Robecchi?
Luigi earned a footnote in the history of world exploration by becoming the first European traveller
to cross the Horn of Africa. Through his journeys, he became acquainted with many Somali locals,
both commoners and chiefs, young and old. As it was the norm and conduct of past famous
explorers, he documented the natives’ way of life, their cultural rules, and their interaction amongst
each other as well as potential outsiders.
Since I have presented a clearer picture and captured the basic core of his purpose in the land of the
Somali, I would like to focus on the main topic of this article, namely his journey through the region
of Himan (Somali: Ximan); a region he documented in his book (Somalia e Benadir. Viaggio di
esplorazione nell'Africa Orientale, 1899) through illustrations and descriptions. For those who are
reading this word for the first time, Himan, in the pre-1960 Somalia, this name was allocated to a
region that encompassed both the present-day Mudug and Galgadud regions in addition to certain
sections of the Somali Ethiopian Region. It was a region, dwelled by various Somali clans, where the
Marehan Somali clan formed the majority.
Map of Uarandi to Sinadogo - year 1890 (p.279)
His encounter with the local Marehan tribes
On the 2nd of July, 1890, Liugi and his hired guide embarked on this planned journey with one
purpose in mind, meeting the Somali Marehan tribes. He writes (p.278):
“Procedetti traverse le prime terre dei Marehan lungo una serie di pianure leggermente
onduleggiate, varie di arbusti spinosi e di acacia name a ventaglio, che danno a quella
localita il nome di Derdere; oltre la quale lascio a sinistra i monticoli di Bhado, massa
grigiastra che va man mano assottigliandosi sino a sfumare verso il pianoro di Egalej. Feci
sosta ai pozzi di Bhado ove trovai una quantita di gente, la maggior parte della cabila Bah-
Ogaden, una delle tante tribu Somali dei Marehan che abitano questo sito.
I dintorni di Badho sono occupati da Marehan della famiglie: Bah-Darandole, Rer Uarsama
Ugaz, Ba-Eli sparsi dal Nord al NE, e dai Rer Osman e Siyad Ugaz verso Ovest
Il Sultanato dei Marehan comincia con Sultan Mohamed Daud conosciuto sotto il nome di
Mahat il quale lascio quattro figli: Ahmed, Osman, Ali, Isaak. Il primo figlio Isse Ahmed
Mohamed genero Jusuf Matan padre di Hussein che fu il primo Ugaz.”
Translation (roughly):
“After proceeding to the land of Marehan, I came across a site full of thorny shrubs and
acacia named Derdere. Beyond these plains, I took left-turn to Bhado, where the ground
fades towards the plateau of Egalej. I halted at the wells of Bahdo where its home to a
section of the Marehan, the Bah-Ogaden.
The surrounding of Bahdo is occupied by several sections of the Marehan: the Bah-
Darandole, Rer Warsame Ugas, Eli who inhabit the North to North-East, Rer Osman and Rer
Siyad Ugas to the West.
The Sultanate of Marehan started with Sultan Mohamed Daud who had four sons, Ahmed,
Osman, Ali and Isaak...”
He further describes the landscape of the Bhado area until he departed
again the next morning to an area called Garad Badho. According to Luigi, it
was an area anciently inhabited by the Gallas (Oromos). Their ancient tombs
still marked the place and served as an indicator of their old presence. There
he met the chieftain of Bah-Ogaden (pictured left), a man he described as a
strong leader of a warlike tribe assuming responsibility for all his warriors. A
man he eagerly wanted to add to his array collection of portraits. After
much deliberation and initial reluctancy the chief himself, he finally
consented and approved the drawing of the sketch portrait.
Chief of Bah-Ogaden (name unknown) p.285
The time came to depart. After exchanging goodbyes, he set his sight on moving further inland
where they arrived at a place he referred to as Lamabulscio. It was home to the Rer Abdulle Siyad
section of Marehan. It was in vicinity to a place called Gubet Farah, named after the sub clan Rer
Farah Siyad.
He writes (p.280):
“Pernottai a Gubbet, altrimenti conosciuto per Gubbet Farah Siyad dal nome della cabila. Fu
in questa localita che incomincio il supplizio delle corse dei cavalla.”
He continued his journey and met with several local tribes. There he encountered the Fiqi Yusuf
branch of Eli tribe. A tribe observantly described as a clan of wadado (religious leaders).
He writes (p.281):
“La cabile dei Rer Eli, conosciuta comunemento col nome di Rer Figi Yusuf componesi di
numeroso famiglie, che vivone sparse fra le altre tribu menzionate, esercitando
esclusivamente per tradizione la professione di wadad (prete).”
Translation (roughly):
“The sub clan of Eli known as Figi Yusuf is composed amongst numerous of families. They
live scattered amongst the other tribes of Marehan and their main profession are wadado
(religious leaders).”
He was pleasantly surprised at the level of hospitality. He even
remarked that the level of hospitality was so overbearing that he was
forced to depart early. He headed to the West where he encountered
a vast forest and villages inhabited by Rer Siyad Ugas.
Preceding hisarrival, he encountered a corps of warriors belonging to the Rer Siyad
Ugas. Suspicion dawned on their leader after noticing the European
standing out his batch of bodyguards and guides.
Calm prevailed once
the hired guides worked their magic and explained the purpose of
Luigi’s visit. They asked whether he could stay and observe the tribe
and vicinity they populated to which the corps leader agreed. This
provided him with the opportunity to take notes of the flora and
fauna surrounding him.
A Corps of Warriors from the Rer Siyad Ugas
Branch of Marehan (p.284)
He continued further where he came across an area inhabited by the
Rer Ali Shirwa Ugas Sharmake. Up to 300 horse riders of the Bah
Dhulbahante branch of Rer Ugas Sharmake were getting geared up for
a horse-race contest with other sections of Marehan. Tribes gathered
and the skilled riders demonstrated their pride by galloping their
horses, watching warriors making guttural cries whilst lifting their
spears as a sign of support to their fellow tribesmen. Whilst these
races resembled the Arab variant of horse-racing, the only dissimilarity
that struck Luigi was the treatment of the horses.
The Somalis, unlike the Arab Bedouins, lack the compassionate
method of controlling their horses whilst trotting. An observation that
stood out and uncomfortably unbearable to watch for the average
horse lover.
After concluding the horse-racing, Luigi managed to have a sit-down with a powerful chief of the
Marehan, the chieftain of the Bah-Darandole, from him he obtained valuable information and insight
pertaining the Somali etiquette, how conflict is resolved, war is waged and ties are forged.
Upon noting the last bit of information, he headed back to Mogadishu until ultimately returning to Italy.
Horse-racing amongst the Marehan Somali
p.281
Euphorbia candelabrum in Himan Somalia A Marehan Somali with a Somali sheep (p.293)
(p.289)
Somali Chieftain (name unknown) (p.291)
Who was Luigi Bricchetti Robecchi?
Luigi earned a footnote in the history of world exploration by becoming the first European traveller
to cross the Horn of Africa. Through his journeys, he became acquainted with many Somali locals,
both commoners and chiefs, young and old. As it was the norm and conduct of past famous
explorers, he documented the natives’ way of life, their cultural rules, and their interaction amongst
each other as well as potential outsiders.
Since I have presented a clearer picture and captured the basic core of his purpose in the land of the
Somali, I would like to focus on the main topic of this article, namely his journey through the region
of Himan (Somali: Ximan); a region he documented in his book (Somalia e Benadir. Viaggio di
esplorazione nell'Africa Orientale, 1899) through illustrations and descriptions. For those who are
reading this word for the first time, Himan, in the pre-1960 Somalia, this name was allocated to a
region that encompassed both the present-day Mudug and Galgadud regions in addition to certain
sections of the Somali Ethiopian Region. It was a region, dwelled by various Somali clans, where the
Marehan Somali clan formed the majority.
Map of Uarandi to Sinadogo - year 1890 (p.279)
His encounter with the local Marehan tribes
On the 2nd of July, 1890, Liugi and his hired guide embarked on this planned journey with one
purpose in mind, meeting the Somali Marehan tribes. He writes (p.278):
“Procedetti traverse le prime terre dei Marehan lungo una serie di pianure leggermente
onduleggiate, varie di arbusti spinosi e di acacia name a ventaglio, che danno a quella
localita il nome di Derdere; oltre la quale lascio a sinistra i monticoli di Bhado, massa
grigiastra che va man mano assottigliandosi sino a sfumare verso il pianoro di Egalej. Feci
sosta ai pozzi di Bhado ove trovai una quantita di gente, la maggior parte della cabila Bah-
Ogaden, una delle tante tribu Somali dei Marehan che abitano questo sito.
I dintorni di Badho sono occupati da Marehan della famiglie: Bah-Darandole, Rer Uarsama
Ugaz, Ba-Eli sparsi dal Nord al NE, e dai Rer Osman e Siyad Ugaz verso Ovest
Il Sultanato dei Marehan comincia con Sultan Mohamed Daud conosciuto sotto il nome di
Mahat il quale lascio quattro figli: Ahmed, Osman, Ali, Isaak. Il primo figlio Isse Ahmed
Mohamed genero Jusuf Matan padre di Hussein che fu il primo Ugaz.”
Translation (roughly):
“After proceeding to the land of Marehan, I came across a site full of thorny shrubs and
acacia named Derdere. Beyond these plains, I took left-turn to Bhado, where the ground
fades towards the plateau of Egalej. I halted at the wells of Bahdo where its home to a
section of the Marehan, the Bah-Ogaden.
The surrounding of Bahdo is occupied by several sections of the Marehan: the Bah-
Darandole, Rer Warsame Ugas, Eli who inhabit the North to North-East, Rer Osman and Rer
Siyad Ugas to the West.
The Sultanate of Marehan started with Sultan Mohamed Daud who had four sons, Ahmed,
Osman, Ali and Isaak...”
He further describes the landscape of the Bhado area until he departed
again the next morning to an area called Garad Badho. According to Luigi, it
was an area anciently inhabited by the Gallas (Oromos). Their ancient tombs
still marked the place and served as an indicator of their old presence. There
he met the chieftain of Bah-Ogaden (pictured left), a man he described as a
strong leader of a warlike tribe assuming responsibility for all his warriors. A
man he eagerly wanted to add to his array collection of portraits. After
much deliberation and initial reluctancy the chief himself, he finally
consented and approved the drawing of the sketch portrait.
Chief of Bah-Ogaden (name unknown) p.285
The time came to depart. After exchanging goodbyes, he set his sight on moving further inland
where they arrived at a place he referred to as Lamabulscio. It was home to the Rer Abdulle Siyad
section of Marehan. It was in vicinity to a place called Gubet Farah, named after the sub clan Rer
Farah Siyad.
He writes (p.280):
“Pernottai a Gubbet, altrimenti conosciuto per Gubbet Farah Siyad dal nome della cabila. Fu
in questa localita che incomincio il supplizio delle corse dei cavalla.”
He continued his journey and met with several local tribes. There he encountered the Fiqi Yusuf
branch of Eli tribe. A tribe observantly described as a clan of wadado (religious leaders).
He writes (p.281):
“La cabile dei Rer Eli, conosciuta comunemento col nome di Rer Figi Yusuf componesi di
numeroso famiglie, che vivone sparse fra le altre tribu menzionate, esercitando
esclusivamente per tradizione la professione di wadad (prete).”
Translation (roughly):
“The sub clan of Eli known as Figi Yusuf is composed amongst numerous of families. They
live scattered amongst the other tribes of Marehan and their main profession are wadado
(religious leaders).”
He was pleasantly surprised at the level of hospitality. He even
remarked that the level of hospitality was so overbearing that he was
forced to depart early. He headed to the West where he encountered
a vast forest and villages inhabited by Rer Siyad Ugas.
Preceding hisarrival, he encountered a corps of warriors belonging to the Rer Siyad
Ugas. Suspicion dawned on their leader after noticing the European
standing out his batch of bodyguards and guides.
Calm prevailed once
the hired guides worked their magic and explained the purpose of
Luigi’s visit. They asked whether he could stay and observe the tribe
and vicinity they populated to which the corps leader agreed. This
provided him with the opportunity to take notes of the flora and
fauna surrounding him.
A Corps of Warriors from the Rer Siyad Ugas
Branch of Marehan (p.284)
He continued further where he came across an area inhabited by the
Rer Ali Shirwa Ugas Sharmake. Up to 300 horse riders of the Bah
Dhulbahante branch of Rer Ugas Sharmake were getting geared up for
a horse-race contest with other sections of Marehan. Tribes gathered
and the skilled riders demonstrated their pride by galloping their
horses, watching warriors making guttural cries whilst lifting their
spears as a sign of support to their fellow tribesmen. Whilst these
races resembled the Arab variant of horse-racing, the only dissimilarity
that struck Luigi was the treatment of the horses.
The Somalis, unlike the Arab Bedouins, lack the compassionate
method of controlling their horses whilst trotting. An observation that
stood out and uncomfortably unbearable to watch for the average
horse lover.
After concluding the horse-racing, Luigi managed to have a sit-down with a powerful chief of the
Marehan, the chieftain of the Bah-Darandole, from him he obtained valuable information and insight
pertaining the Somali etiquette, how conflict is resolved, war is waged and ties are forged.
Upon noting the last bit of information, he headed back to Mogadishu until ultimately returning to Italy.
Horse-racing amongst the Marehan Somali
p.281
Euphorbia candelabrum in Himan Somalia A Marehan Somali with a Somali sheep (p.293)
(p.289)
Somali Chieftain (name unknown) (p.291)
The Marehan Emir of Harar His Royal Highness (Nur Ibnu Mujahid) By: Dr. Harvel Sebastian 14 Nov 2007
This piece of biography was written by the renowned anthropologist Harvel Sebastian in the acclaimed Dictionary of African historical biography (Vol. 1)
Nur ibnu Mujahid ibnu ‘Ali ibnu ‘Abdullah al Dhuhi Suha (literally ‘the morning star’), of the Ahl Suhawyan clan of the Somali tribe of Marehan, Darod group, was a notable Emir of Harar in the 16th century.
Marrying the Widow of Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim (q.v.), or Gran, he also succeeded him as leader of the Muslim forces of fighting Christian Ethiopia. Considered the patron saint of Harar, he was called the Sahib al-Fath at-Thani, or Master of the Second Conquest.
When Ahmed ibn Ibrahim, the leader of the Muslim expansion into Ethiopia which began in 1527, was killed in 1543, the Muslim forces fell back in confusion upon Harar. Nur, the dead leader’s sister’s son, married Gran’s firebrand widow, Bati del Wanbara (q.v.), and undertook to renew the fortunes of the Muslim city, which had been sacked in 1550.
Named Emir in about 1550-51, he spent the next two years reorganizing his forces, and construction the wall which still surrounds the city.
In 1554-55, Nur departed on a Jihad, or Holy War, in the eastern Ethiopian lowlands of Charchar, Arusi, and Hadeya. In 1559, he invaded Fatajar, where he fought against the Ethiopian emperor Galawdewos (q.v.) [reigned 1540-59], and killed him. Nur kept fighting for 12 years untill, according to legend, at Gibe he said “Kaffa!”, or “Enough!”, and returned to Harar. The province is called Kaffa to this day.
During Nur’s absence, Harar witnessed internal power struggles, and the unlucky city was disturbed by encroaching Galla tribes (i.e. Oromo tribes). By 1567, repeated Galla raids had brought famine to the city. Nur left the city in 1568 for a punitive raid against the Galla. On his return he found a plague raging in Harar, and he himself died of typhus.
Contemporaries described Nur as a man of noble conduct, who was just, strong, and highly principled. He was noted for the buildings he erected in Harar, and for protecting its inhabitants from invaders. His tomb stands on a hill surrounded by houses and courtyards, and is popular place of pilgrimage in Harar.
Bibliography:
1. R.Basset (editor, Histoire de la conquete de l’Abyssinie (“History of the Conquest of Abyssinia”), Paris, 1897-1901;
2. Dr. E. Cerulli, “Documenti arabi per la storia dell’Ethiopia,” Memoria della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Vol. 4, No. 2, Rome, 1931
3. Dr. E. Cerulli, La lingua e la storia di Harar (“The Language and History of Harar”), Rome, 1936
4. Dr. E. Cerulli, “Gli Emiri di Harar dal secolo XVI alla conquista agiziana” (“The Mirs of Harar From the 16th Century to the Egyptian Conquest”),
5. Dr. E. Cerulli, Rassegna di Studi Ethiopici, Vol. 2, Rome, 1942
6. Hadj Yusuf AbdulRahman (editor), Kitab Rabi’a al-Qulub fi Dhikr Manaqib wa Fada’il Sayyidina as Sheikh Nur Hussein (“The Springtime of Hearts in Memory of the Virtues and Merits of Our Lord the Sheikh Nur Hussein”), Cairo, 1927
7. J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia, London, 1952
8. K. Wndt, “Amharische Geschichte eines Emirs von Harar in XVI Jahrhundert,” (“An Ahmhari History of One of the Emirs of 16th Century of Harar”), Orientalia, Vol. 6, No. ¾, Rome, 1937
9. Cambridge History of Africa
This piece of biography was written by the renowned anthropologist Harvel Sebastian in the acclaimed Dictionary of African historical biography (Vol. 1)
Nur ibnu Mujahid ibnu ‘Ali ibnu ‘Abdullah al Dhuhi Suha (literally ‘the morning star’), of the Ahl Suhawyan clan of the Somali tribe of Marehan, Darod group, was a notable Emir of Harar in the 16th century.
Marrying the Widow of Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim (q.v.), or Gran, he also succeeded him as leader of the Muslim forces of fighting Christian Ethiopia. Considered the patron saint of Harar, he was called the Sahib al-Fath at-Thani, or Master of the Second Conquest.
When Ahmed ibn Ibrahim, the leader of the Muslim expansion into Ethiopia which began in 1527, was killed in 1543, the Muslim forces fell back in confusion upon Harar. Nur, the dead leader’s sister’s son, married Gran’s firebrand widow, Bati del Wanbara (q.v.), and undertook to renew the fortunes of the Muslim city, which had been sacked in 1550.
Named Emir in about 1550-51, he spent the next two years reorganizing his forces, and construction the wall which still surrounds the city.
In 1554-55, Nur departed on a Jihad, or Holy War, in the eastern Ethiopian lowlands of Charchar, Arusi, and Hadeya. In 1559, he invaded Fatajar, where he fought against the Ethiopian emperor Galawdewos (q.v.) [reigned 1540-59], and killed him. Nur kept fighting for 12 years untill, according to legend, at Gibe he said “Kaffa!”, or “Enough!”, and returned to Harar. The province is called Kaffa to this day.
During Nur’s absence, Harar witnessed internal power struggles, and the unlucky city was disturbed by encroaching Galla tribes (i.e. Oromo tribes). By 1567, repeated Galla raids had brought famine to the city. Nur left the city in 1568 for a punitive raid against the Galla. On his return he found a plague raging in Harar, and he himself died of typhus.
Contemporaries described Nur as a man of noble conduct, who was just, strong, and highly principled. He was noted for the buildings he erected in Harar, and for protecting its inhabitants from invaders. His tomb stands on a hill surrounded by houses and courtyards, and is popular place of pilgrimage in Harar.
Bibliography:
1. R.Basset (editor, Histoire de la conquete de l’Abyssinie (“History of the Conquest of Abyssinia”), Paris, 1897-1901;
2. Dr. E. Cerulli, “Documenti arabi per la storia dell’Ethiopia,” Memoria della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Vol. 4, No. 2, Rome, 1931
3. Dr. E. Cerulli, La lingua e la storia di Harar (“The Language and History of Harar”), Rome, 1936
4. Dr. E. Cerulli, “Gli Emiri di Harar dal secolo XVI alla conquista agiziana” (“The Mirs of Harar From the 16th Century to the Egyptian Conquest”),
5. Dr. E. Cerulli, Rassegna di Studi Ethiopici, Vol. 2, Rome, 1942
6. Hadj Yusuf AbdulRahman (editor), Kitab Rabi’a al-Qulub fi Dhikr Manaqib wa Fada’il Sayyidina as Sheikh Nur Hussein (“The Springtime of Hearts in Memory of the Virtues and Merits of Our Lord the Sheikh Nur Hussein”), Cairo, 1927
7. J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia, London, 1952
8. K. Wndt, “Amharische Geschichte eines Emirs von Harar in XVI Jahrhundert,” (“An Ahmhari History of One of the Emirs of 16th Century of Harar”), Orientalia, Vol. 6, No. ¾, Rome, 1937
9. Cambridge History of Africa
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Title Somalia: The Marehan in the Gedo region and whether there are other regions with large concentrations of Marehan and whether it is safe for Marehan in those regions or areas; the likelihood of self-exiled Marehan returning to those areas including Gedo
Publisher Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Country SomaliaPublication Date 1 March 1999
Citation / Document Symbol SOM31306.E
Cite as Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Somalia: The Marehan in the Gedo region and whether there are other regions with large concentrations of Marehan and whether it is safe for Marehan in those regions or areas; the likelihood of self-exiled Marehan returning to those areas including Gedo, 1 March 1999, SOM31306.E, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6ac0e37.html [accessed 8 May 2010]
Somalia: The Marehan in the Gedo region and whether there are other regions with large concentrations of Marehan and whether it is safe for Marehan in those regions or areas; the likelihood of self-exiled Marehan returning to those areas including Gedo
Gedo region is the main base of the late President Siad Barre's Marehan clan, a subclan of the Darod. The situation in the region is "complicated" (Danish Immigration Service May 1997, 65) by fighting between Darod factions, and lately, insecurity and starvation (AFP 3 Feb. 1999; AFP 23 July 1998; AC Apr.1998; AP 4 May 1998; AFP 8 Nov. 1998; ibid., 30 Sept. 1998; DPA 1 May 1998). The Danish Immigration Service also states that besides Gedo, "there is a sizeable Marehan population in the Abud Wak area of the Galgaduud region in central Somalia."
A 30 September 1998 AFP report states that the Lower Juba region, including Gedo region has been tense since the overthrow of the late President Mohamed Siad Barre in January 1991. Three groups have been fighting in the area: between Marehan-dominated Somali National Front (SNF) and the Islamist group, the Al Itihad; and lately between the SNF and the Marjeteen-dominated Somali Patriotic Movement led by General Morgan (SPM) (AFP 23 July 1998).
The Marehan and the Marjeteen are both sub-clans of the late President Siad Barre's Darod clan (AP 4 May 1998; DPA 1 May 1998). Morgan is also the son-in-law of the late Siad Barre (AP 4 May 1998). Both the SPM and the SNF accuse and counter accuse each other of causing tension in the region (AFP 30 Sept. 1998).
In 1996 and 1997, Gedo region experienced conflict between the Marehan-dominated Somali National Front (SNF) and an Islamist group, the Al Itihad. The Al Itihad, which includes some Marehan in its membership, was reportedly fighting for the autonomy of the ethnic-Somali region of Ogaden in Ethiopia, and for the formation of an Islamic government in Somalia (AFP 23 July 1998). In August 1996 and April 1997, the Ethiopian authorities allegedly forcibly crossed the border and attacked Al Itihad bases in Gedo in retaliation for the Al Itihad's alleged bomb attacks inside Ethiopia (AFP 20 Apr. 1998). The Ethiopian forces reportedly pulled out Gedo after the Somali faction leaders had signed an agreement in Cairo in 1997, which Ethiopia did not recognize (Xinhua News Agency 17 June 1998).
In April 1998, "fresh" fighting broke out in Kismayo between a faction of the "now" divided SNF and the Majerteen militia of General Mohamed Hirsi of the SPM (AC 17 Apr. 1998), for the port of Kismayo, which to serve as the main gateway for exports from Gedo region before the civil war broke out in 1990-1991 (Danish Immigration Service, May 1997, 65).
The fighting reportedly began in March 1998 "when an estimated 200 heavily armed fighters of the Marehan subclan stormed the town and overran defensive position of the outnumbered Majetern subclan" (AP 30 Mar. 1998). The SNF, allegedly, backed by forces of warlord Hussein Aidid, sent 300 more fighters from Garbaharey in the eastern Gedo region to boost its advance on the town (Apr. 8 Nov. 1998).
In addition to the fighting, the southern region of Somalia is reportedly threatened with starvation. The Somalia Aid Coordination Body (SACB) reportedly recommended the "immediate" suspension of the agencies activities in Gedo region and the neighbouring Sakow region following the murder of a Kenyan working for an Italian agency, Terra Nuova, on 26 January 1999 (Apr. 3 Feb. 1999).
No reports on whether it is safe for the Marehan to return to those areas including Gedo could be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.
This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Please see below the list of additional sources consulted in researching this Information Request.
References
Africa Confidential [London]. "Somalia: Fighting Over Peace: Faction Leaders are Getting More Weapons but Seem to be Losing Authority."
Agence France Presse (AFP). 3 February 1999. "Starvation Adding to Fighting Toll in Southern Somalia." (NEXIS)
_____. 8 November 1998. "Fresh Fighting Flares in Somalian Port." (NEXIS).
_____. 30 September 1998. "Southern Somali Warlord Vows to Destroy Close Enemy Fire Power." (NEXIS)
_____. 23 July 1998. "Ceasfire Announced in Gedo Region." (NEXIS)
_____. 20 April 1998. "Ethiopia Aiding Somali Militia as Battle Looms." (NEXIS)
Associated Press (AP). "30 Killed in Southern Somalia's Largest Town Battle." (NEXIS)
_____. 4 May 1998. "A Warring Factions Warns Relief Agencies of Danger in Southern Somalia." (NEXIS)
Danish Immigration Service. May 1997. Report on the Nordic Fact-Finding Mission to Central and Southern Somalia. 15 February-14 March 1997. Copenhagen: Danish Immigration Service.
Deutsch Presse-Agentur (DPA). 1 May 1998. "Fresh Fighting Reported in South Somalia." (NEXIS)
Xinhua News Agency. 17 June 1998. "Ceasefire Pact Reached by Somali Factions in Gedo Region." (NEXIS)
Additional Sources Consulted
Electronic sources: IRB Databases: Internet [http://www.reliefweb.int], LEXIS/NEXIS, World News Connection (WNC).
Three oral sources consulted did not provide information on the requested subject.
Topics: Exiles,
Copyright notice: This document is published with the permission of the copyright holder and producer Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB). The original version of this document may be found on the offical website of the IRB at http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/. Documents earlier than 2003 may be found only on Refworld.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Title Somalia: The Marehan in the Gedo region and whether there are other regions with large concentrations of Marehan and whether it is safe for Marehan in those regions or areas; the likelihood of self-exiled Marehan returning to those areas including Gedo
Publisher Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Country SomaliaPublication Date 1 March 1999
Citation / Document Symbol SOM31306.E
Cite as Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Somalia: The Marehan in the Gedo region and whether there are other regions with large concentrations of Marehan and whether it is safe for Marehan in those regions or areas; the likelihood of self-exiled Marehan returning to those areas including Gedo, 1 March 1999, SOM31306.E, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6ac0e37.html [accessed 8 May 2010]
Somalia: The Marehan in the Gedo region and whether there are other regions with large concentrations of Marehan and whether it is safe for Marehan in those regions or areas; the likelihood of self-exiled Marehan returning to those areas including Gedo
Gedo region is the main base of the late President Siad Barre's Marehan clan, a subclan of the Darod. The situation in the region is "complicated" (Danish Immigration Service May 1997, 65) by fighting between Darod factions, and lately, insecurity and starvation (AFP 3 Feb. 1999; AFP 23 July 1998; AC Apr.1998; AP 4 May 1998; AFP 8 Nov. 1998; ibid., 30 Sept. 1998; DPA 1 May 1998). The Danish Immigration Service also states that besides Gedo, "there is a sizeable Marehan population in the Abud Wak area of the Galgaduud region in central Somalia."
A 30 September 1998 AFP report states that the Lower Juba region, including Gedo region has been tense since the overthrow of the late President Mohamed Siad Barre in January 1991. Three groups have been fighting in the area: between Marehan-dominated Somali National Front (SNF) and the Islamist group, the Al Itihad; and lately between the SNF and the Marjeteen-dominated Somali Patriotic Movement led by General Morgan (SPM) (AFP 23 July 1998).
The Marehan and the Marjeteen are both sub-clans of the late President Siad Barre's Darod clan (AP 4 May 1998; DPA 1 May 1998). Morgan is also the son-in-law of the late Siad Barre (AP 4 May 1998). Both the SPM and the SNF accuse and counter accuse each other of causing tension in the region (AFP 30 Sept. 1998).
In 1996 and 1997, Gedo region experienced conflict between the Marehan-dominated Somali National Front (SNF) and an Islamist group, the Al Itihad. The Al Itihad, which includes some Marehan in its membership, was reportedly fighting for the autonomy of the ethnic-Somali region of Ogaden in Ethiopia, and for the formation of an Islamic government in Somalia (AFP 23 July 1998). In August 1996 and April 1997, the Ethiopian authorities allegedly forcibly crossed the border and attacked Al Itihad bases in Gedo in retaliation for the Al Itihad's alleged bomb attacks inside Ethiopia (AFP 20 Apr. 1998). The Ethiopian forces reportedly pulled out Gedo after the Somali faction leaders had signed an agreement in Cairo in 1997, which Ethiopia did not recognize (Xinhua News Agency 17 June 1998).
In April 1998, "fresh" fighting broke out in Kismayo between a faction of the "now" divided SNF and the Majerteen militia of General Mohamed Hirsi of the SPM (AC 17 Apr. 1998), for the port of Kismayo, which to serve as the main gateway for exports from Gedo region before the civil war broke out in 1990-1991 (Danish Immigration Service, May 1997, 65).
The fighting reportedly began in March 1998 "when an estimated 200 heavily armed fighters of the Marehan subclan stormed the town and overran defensive position of the outnumbered Majetern subclan" (AP 30 Mar. 1998). The SNF, allegedly, backed by forces of warlord Hussein Aidid, sent 300 more fighters from Garbaharey in the eastern Gedo region to boost its advance on the town (Apr. 8 Nov. 1998).
In addition to the fighting, the southern region of Somalia is reportedly threatened with starvation. The Somalia Aid Coordination Body (SACB) reportedly recommended the "immediate" suspension of the agencies activities in Gedo region and the neighbouring Sakow region following the murder of a Kenyan working for an Italian agency, Terra Nuova, on 26 January 1999 (Apr. 3 Feb. 1999).
No reports on whether it is safe for the Marehan to return to those areas including Gedo could be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.
This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Please see below the list of additional sources consulted in researching this Information Request.
References
Africa Confidential [London]. "Somalia: Fighting Over Peace: Faction Leaders are Getting More Weapons but Seem to be Losing Authority."
Agence France Presse (AFP). 3 February 1999. "Starvation Adding to Fighting Toll in Southern Somalia." (NEXIS)
_____. 8 November 1998. "Fresh Fighting Flares in Somalian Port." (NEXIS).
_____. 30 September 1998. "Southern Somali Warlord Vows to Destroy Close Enemy Fire Power." (NEXIS)
_____. 23 July 1998. "Ceasfire Announced in Gedo Region." (NEXIS)
_____. 20 April 1998. "Ethiopia Aiding Somali Militia as Battle Looms." (NEXIS)
Associated Press (AP). "30 Killed in Southern Somalia's Largest Town Battle." (NEXIS)
_____. 4 May 1998. "A Warring Factions Warns Relief Agencies of Danger in Southern Somalia." (NEXIS)
Danish Immigration Service. May 1997. Report on the Nordic Fact-Finding Mission to Central and Southern Somalia. 15 February-14 March 1997. Copenhagen: Danish Immigration Service.
Deutsch Presse-Agentur (DPA). 1 May 1998. "Fresh Fighting Reported in South Somalia." (NEXIS)
Xinhua News Agency. 17 June 1998. "Ceasefire Pact Reached by Somali Factions in Gedo Region." (NEXIS)
Additional Sources Consulted
Electronic sources: IRB Databases: Internet [http://www.reliefweb.int], LEXIS/NEXIS, World News Connection (WNC).
Three oral sources consulted did not provide information on the requested subject.
Topics: Exiles,
Copyright notice: This document is published with the permission of the copyright holder and producer Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB). The original version of this document may be found on the offical website of the IRB at http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/. Documents earlier than 2003 may be found only on Refworld.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Search
Search
Advanced SearchSearch Tips
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Countries - Select a country - Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Côte d'Ivoire Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China) Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Republic of Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau (Special Administrative Region of China) Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia, Federated States of Moldova, Republic of Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Northern Mariana Islands Norway Occupied Palestinian Territory Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania, United Republic of Thailand Timor-Leste (East Timor) Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu U.S. Virgin Islands Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Viet Nam Western Sahara Territory Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
Categories
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Friday, May 7, 2010
Yaa ka masuul ah soomaalida tahriibka lagu xasuuqayo saxaraha iyo badaha kala duwan ee caalamka. warbixin ku saabsan !( Daawo Sawirada )
Waxaa xabsiyada wadanka liibiya buux dhaafiyay boqolaal soomaali ah oo si sharci daro ah ugu soo gudbay wadamada dariska la ah soomaaliya islamar ahaanta kasoo tilaabsado xuduuda wadanka sudan.
Safarkaas dheer kadib tahriibayaalka soomaaliyeed waxa ay soo gaaran magaala madaxda wadanka sudan iyaga oo indhahoodu taganyihiin kuwa dumarka ah iyaga oo aad u jir go’san iyaga oo xiran hilfo jeex jeexan halka inta soo hartayna watan dhar muuqaal xun waayo waxa ay soo lugeeyan waqtiyo badan iyaga oo aanan quudaneynin waqtiyada qaarkood marna ay quudanayeen hal waqti oo kaliya .
Intaa kadib waxa ay u tafa xeytan tahriibayaalkaasi in ay ka talabaan xuduuda u dhaxeyso wadanka sudan iyo wadanka liibiya “saxaraha ” halkaasina uga dhamaadan biyo la’aan, cunto la’aan, inta soo hartayna ay gudaha saxaraha isku adeegsadaan Toorey taasoo kalliftay is qab-qabsiga qabyaaladeed ee ka taagan gudaha wadanka soomaaliya .
Waxa ay gaaran wadanka liibiya iyaga oo indhahoodu taganyihiin waxa halkaasi kusoo dhaweeyo soomaalida ku sugan wadankaasi si loo quudiyo dadka u tabaaleysan gaajada iyo daawo la’aanta.
Nasiib darro soomaalida tahriibayaalka ah uma dhega nuglo xasiloonida waxad arkeysa hooyo tahriibeyso wadato cunug 5shan bil jiri ah ,waxad arkeysa wiil 15sano jir ah oo tahriib , waxad arkeysa nin weyn oo 40 ilaa 50sano jir ah oo tahriib ah intaba waxaa lagu xasuuqaya bada weyn ee isku xirta wadanka liibiya iyo talyaniga . hadaba yaa k amasuul ah xasuuqaasi? .
Si waliba ha ahaate dadkasi waxa ay isugu jiraan Dumar caruur wata , Odayaal, dhalinyaro intaba kasoo bara kacay jahawareerka ka taagan wadanka soomaaliya gaar ahaan Isfahan la’aanta u dhaxeyso dowladda soomaaliya iyo waliba ururo diimeedka ee hubka darandooriga u dhaca u adeegsanaayo bulshada rayidka iyaga oo maamul waliba kashanaayo aragtidiisa islamar ahaantana bartilmaameed ka dhigto goobaha ay bulshada rayidka ku dhaqanyihiin .
Dhanka xiga xasuuqa tahriibayaalka waxaa ka qeyb qaato Muqalasiinta ka shaqeeyo Bada Boosaaso , Booliska xeebta ilaaliya ee wadanka Yaman, Ciidanka bada liibiya ilaaliyo , Booliska xeebta talyaaniga ilaaliyo intaba waxa ay si fool xumo badan ugu tumanaayan xuquuqda aadanaha isla markaasna aan ka xishooneynin in uu si toos ah iyo si dadban u laayo kuwa aan la fikirka ahayn waxa ayna isku dayeen in ay indha sarcaadiyaan ra’yulcaamka dunida…. “warbaahinta ”
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